Research and guides.
Literature reviews, protocol walk-throughs, and methodological notes from the VialBase team.
Bloodwork Monitoring Guide for Peptide Research
Which blood tests to run before, during, and after peptide protocols — covering the top 10 most-used compounds.
Read the full piece →Copper Peptides for Skin and Healing
How GHK-Cu works, what the copper does, and the evidence for skin aging, wound healing, and hair growth.
Growth Hormone Secretagogues Compared
A detailed comparison of CJC-1295, Ipamorelin, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, and Tesamorelin — mechanisms, pros and cons, side effect profiles, stacking recommendations, and how to choose for your goal.
GLP-1 Agonists Compared: Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide
A direct comparison of semaglutide and tirzepatide — covering mechanism differences, clinical efficacy data, side effect profiles, dosing schedules, and how to think about which compound fits a given research context.
Research Peptides: Legal Status Guide
A factual overview of the legal and regulatory status of research peptides in the United States and internationally — covering FDA frameworks, WADA prohibition, and purchasing considerations.
NAD+ and Longevity Peptides
How NAD+ drives aging biology, what mitochondrial-derived peptides do, and where Epithalon fits in the longevity peptide landscape.
Neuroprotective Peptides Overview
What neuroprotection means, how Semax, Selank, Dihexa, Cortexin, and Cerebrolysin work, and what the evidence shows for cognitive and neurological applications.
Oral vs Injectable Peptides
A practical comparison of oral and injectable peptide administration — covering bioavailability, enzymatic degradation, which compounds have viable oral options, and when each route makes sense.
Understanding Peptide Cycling
Why cycling matters for peptide protocols — receptor desensitization, on/off patterns by compound class, how to design a cycle, and signs you need a break.
Peptide Safety and Side Effects
An honest, class-by-class overview of peptide side effects, contraindications, and safety considerations — without fear-mongering, without minimizing real risks.
Peptide Sourcing: What to Look For
How to evaluate peptide suppliers, read a Certificate of Analysis, verify purity, and avoid common red flags.
Peptide Stacking 101
A practical framework for combining peptides — covering the rationale for stacking, common stack categories, timing considerations, synergy vs. redundancy, and how to evaluate a combination before committing to it.
How to Store Peptides Properly
A complete guide to peptide storage — covering lyophilized vs reconstituted peptides, temperature requirements, light sensitivity, stability timelines, and signs of degradation.
Peptides for Injury Recovery
Which peptides to use for which injury types — tendons, ligaments, systemic tissue repair, and wounds — with stacking strategies, timing, injection approaches, and realistic expectations.
State of Peptides — Q1 2026
Quarterly report covering the peptide research landscape: regulatory shifts, compound spotlights, research developments, vendor trends, and market outlook for Q1 2026.
Subcutaneous Injection Technique Guide
Step-by-step guide to subcutaneous (SubQ) injection technique — site selection, needle gauge, injection angle, sterile procedure, site rotation, and disposal.
Thymic Peptides and Immune Support
How Thymosin Alpha-1, Thymalin, KPV, and other thymic peptides modulate immune function and what the evidence shows.
How to Reconstitute Peptides
Step-by-step guide to reconstituting lyophilized peptides with bacteriostatic water.
Injectable Peptide Therapy in Regenerative Medicine and Sports Performance
Reviews BPC-157, TB-4, TB-500, CJC-1295 + ipamorelin, tesamorelin, and GHK-Cu
Molecular signaling of therapeutic peptides in orthopaedic medicine — PI3K/Akt, mTOR, MAPK, TGF-β, AMPK pathways
Growth hormone secretagogues (CJC-1295, ipamorelin) activate IGF-1 signaling
Therapeutic peptides: molecular signaling networks in orthopaedic medicine
TB-500 and TB-4 promote angiogenesis and tissue repair in preclinical models
Recent Tesamorelin Research
Ongoing investigation of tesamorelin applications beyond HIV lipodystrophy
A revised model of nuclear actin import: Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding
Importin 9 competes with cofilin, profilin, and RanGTP for actin binding
Therapeutic peptides in orthopaedic injuries — CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin for IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair
CJC-1295 + ipamorelin activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair
Therapeutic peptides in orthopaedic injuries — narrative review of BPC-157, TB-500, CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin, Tesamorelin, GHK-Cu
CJC-1295 + ipamorelin activate IGF-1 signaling and satellite cell repair
Therapeutic Peptides in Orthopaedics: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Selank identified among neuroactive peptides enhancing BDNF and HGF/c-Met pathways
Body composition, hepatic fat, metabolic, and safety outcomes of Tesamorelin, a GHRH analogue, in HIV-associated lipodystrophy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
5 RCTs included; tesamorelin vs placebo in HIV adults
The Tβ4-Ac-SDKP Axis in Kidney Disease: Renoprotective Efficacy Review
Tβ4 and its metabolite Ac-SDKP act as dynamic mediators of renal injury and repair
Pharmacologic Treatments for the Preservation of Lean Body Mass During Weight Loss
Tesamorelin is a GHRH agonist being explored for muscle preservation during weight loss
Pharmacologic Treatments for the Preservation of Lean Body Mass During Weight Loss
Weight loss from any method is accompanied by lean body mass loss
A Case Report of a Multisystemic Immune-Related Adverse Event Caused by Sintilimab in Combination With Thymosin Alpha-1
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient developed multisystem irAEs after sintilimab + Ta1
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Secretome of Control and BRAF/MEK Inhibitor-Resistant Melanoma Cells
Thymosin Beta-4 identified in secretome of BRAF/MEK inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells
Neoadjuvant serplulimab + SOX + thymalfasin for stage III G/EGJ adenocarcinoma
30% pathological complete response (pCR) rate
Changes in Oral Mucosa Associated with Melanotan II Injections: A Case Report
Patient self-administered Melanotan II injections for 64 days for tanning
MOTS-c establishes steroidogenic readiness in adrenal tissue — P2ry4 upregulation and metabolic priming
MOTS-c regulates cellular metabolism through AMPK and mTOR signaling
Thymosin alpha1-induced secretion of the IL-15/RA complex by THP-1-derived dendritic cells restrains HIV latency in vitro
Ta1 induced IL-15/IL-15RA complex secretion from THP-1-derived dendritic cells
GHK-Cu Hydrogel Wound Healing Study
GHK-Cu-loaded hydrogels enhance wound healing in animal models
A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review
Ipamorelin identified as one of the most popular growth hormone secretagogues in sport
A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review
CJC-1295 identified among most popular GH-releasing peptides in sport
IL-15 Plus Thymosin alpha1 Reduces Senescent Hepatic CD8+ T Cells in HCC via PI3K/AKT Suppression
IL-15 + Ta1 combination suppressed tumor growth and prolonged survival in aged HCC mice
Thymosin alpha1 improves the outcomes of patients with HBV-related ACLF by restoring immune balance
Ta1 + SMT significantly increased 90-day transplant-free survival vs SMT alone
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Induces Autophagy and Cytotoxicity in Renal Cell Carcinoma via SIRT3-Dependent Signaling Pathway
VIP (0-50 microM) exhibits dose-dependent cytotoxicity in VPAC1-expressing RCC cells
From Regeneration to Analgesia: The Role of BPC-157 in Tissue Repair and Pain Management.
Across diverse preclinical models, BPC-157 supports angiogenesis, collagen synthesis, fibroblast activity, and modulation of nitric oxide pathways, contributing to healing of muscle, tendon, ligament, bone, and gastrointestinal tissue.
Mitochondrial Calcium Dysregulation and Targeted Therapies in Heart Failure
Heart failure characterized by mitochondrial calcium dysregulation
NAD+ deficiency from tacrolimus-suppressed IDO1 promotes M1 macrophage polarization and kidney injury
Tacrolimus suppresses IDO1, blocking tryptophan-to-kynurenine conversion
Elamipretide + H151 preserves alveolar-capillary architecture in experimental acute lung injury
Elamipretide (ELM) improved redox status and reduced mitochondrial leak in LPS-induced ALI
Migraine in pediatric population: the role of biochemical markers including VIP
VIP is a biochemical biomarker for migraine in pediatric populations
Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Tirzepatide, Semaglutide, and Liraglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity without Diabetes: A Comparative Study
All three GLP-1 RAs produced significant weight loss and waist circumference reduction at 36 weeks
Impact of GLP-1RA Use on Perioperative Clinical Outcomes of Posterior Cervical Spinal Fusion
737 GLP-1RA patients vs 18,882 controls undergoing posterior cervical fusion
Are serum MOTS-c levels and MOTS-c m.1382A>C polymorphism related to polycystic ovary syndrome?
MOTS-c is associated with reduced insulin resistance and obesity
Incretin Therapies in Binge Eating Disorder: A Systematic Review
12 studies met inclusion criteria evaluating GLP-1 RAs in BED
Obesity Pharmacotherapy Reimagined: The Era of Multi-Receptor Agonists and Next-Generation Metabolic Modulators
Multi-receptor agonists (dual and triple) represent a paradigm shift in obesity treatment
Kisspeptin-10 Promotes Hormone Secretion, Ovarian Follicles Development and Fecundity via PI3K/AKT/ERK Signal Pathway in Mice
KP-10 enhanced P4 and E2 hormone synthesis and secretion
Relationship between kisspeptin-10, neurokinin B and dynorphin A in the course of normal and delayed puberty in ewes
KP-10 and NKB concentrations positively correlated with age in both singleton and twin ewes
Kisspeptin-10 attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension via restoration of mitochondrial function in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
KP-10 attenuates PAH via GPR54 receptor in SU5416/hypoxia mouse model
Drug Repurposing in Alzheimer's Disease: Emerging Therapeutic Strategies and Promising Candidates
Elamipretide identified as drug repurposing candidate for Alzheimer's disease
Should Bremelanotide Be Considered for the Treatment of Sexual Arousal and Desire Disorders in Men?
Argues bremelanotide should be considered for male sexual arousal and desire disorders
Multi-omic Profiling Reveals Retatrutide Alleviates Adipose Tissue Fibrosis via Metabolic Reprogramming and Tissue Repair
Retatrutide reduces adipose tissue fibrosis through metabolic reprogramming
Acupuncture regulates gut microbiota and metabolites in a rat model of chronic migraine
Acupuncture modulated serum VIP levels alongside 5-HT and CGRP in chronic migraine rats
Mitochondria-Targeted Liposomes Boost Thermogenesis for Adipose Tissue Regulation
Developed SS-31-conjugated cationic liposomes (AE@PEP-Lip) for adipose mitochondrial targeting
Health-Related Quality of Life and Work-Related Outcomes in People with Obesity Treated with Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide users reported higher SF-36v2 scores than non-medication users
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance
AOD-9604 among unapproved peptides marketed directly to patients
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance
Sermorelin is among 12 peptides reviewed for musculoskeletal applications
Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance
BPC-157 demonstrates favorable tissue repair outcomes in animal models
MASH and Liver Fibrosis: Clinical Trials to Watch
Semaglutide received conditional FDA approval for MASH following positive histological responses
Cost-Effectiveness of Incretin Therapies: A Canadian Lens on Diabetes, Obesity, and Emerging Indications
GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual agonists (semaglutide, tirzepatide) are now among Canada's costliest outpatient drug classes
GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Wound Outcomes After Free Flap Breast Reconstruction
GLP-1 users had significantly lower composite wound complication rates than non-users (9.0% vs 17.1%, p = 0.002) after free flap breast reconstruction
Lysine-proline-valine peptide attenuates hepatic lipid accumulation through ROS-dependent regulation of the PPARγ pathway in HepG2 cells.
Oleic acid (OA) markedly increased hepatic lipid deposition in HepG2 cells by upregulating fatty acid synthase (FAS).
Humanin and MOTS-c Attenuate Atrial Fibrillation by Suppressing Fibrosis and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.
Humanin (HN) and MOTS-c were significantly downregulated in human AF atrial tissue, with levels inversely correlated with the extent of fibrosis
BPC-157 as an Investigational Peptide Therapeutic: Biopharmaceutical Challenges, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Development Barriers.
Despite 30+ years of preclinical research, BPC-157 has no approved formulation, no validated dosing regimen, and no completed Phase II clinical trial.
MOTS-c: How a secreted mitochondrial microprotein may become a potential treatment for inflammatory lung diseases.
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived microprotein (mitokine) encoded within the 12S rRNA gene that exerts intracrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects across multiple tissues
Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial.
At week 40, mean HbA1c fell -1.69% (4 mg), -1.86% (9 mg), and -1.94% (12 mg) with retatrutide vs -0.81% with placebo; treatment differences vs placebo were -0.88%, -1.04%, and -1.12% (all p<0.0001)
Reparative Outcomes in Corneal Infection: Linking Adjunctive Tβ4 Treatment to Nerve Regeneration and Visual Function.
Bacterial keratitis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by inoculating wounded corneas with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC strain 19660); four topical regimens (PBS, Tβ4 monotherapy, ciprofloxacin monotherapy, and adjunctive Tβ4 + ciprofloxacin) were given three times daily starting 24 hours post infection.
PEGylated thymosin β4 is a thiol-site-specific prodrug treating myocardial infarction in vivo.
A modified prokaryotic expression system was developed to produce recombinant Tβ4 (rTβ4), which was then converted to the prodrug PEG-rTβ4 by single, thiol-site-specific PEGylation.
The emerging landscape of performance-enhancing peptides modulating GH-IGF1 axis: bridging the gap between clinical evidence and patient self-administration.
PEDs marketed as 'research compounds' encompass unregulated peptides modulating the GH-IGF-1 axis, including GH secretagogues (GHRP-2, GHRP-6, hexarelin, ipamorelin), GHRH analogues (sermorelin, tesamorelin, CJC-1295 with/without DAC), the GH fragment AOD9604, and IGF-1 analogues (PEG-MGF, IGF-1 LR3).
Comparative effects of drugs for adults with overweight or obesity: systematic review and network meta-analysis.
Network meta-analysis of 262 randomised trials (99,791 participants) evaluating 19 drugs, with follow-up from 12 to 172 weeks
Real-world clinical outcomes of tirzepatide administration in older patients with type 2 diabetes, with a focus on the risk of hypoglycemia and weight loss-related parameters.
Secondary analysis of the Hokkaido-TZP study in patients aged 65 and older; 213 in the safety set, with 11 (5.2%) discontinuing due to adverse events, primarily gastrointestinal
Tirzepatide and reduced risk of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis: a multicenter U.S. cohort study.
After propensity score matching, 235,200 patients were analyzed (117,600 per cohort): tirzepatide initiators vs lifestyle intervention alone
Comparative Cardiovascular Outcomes of Tirzepatide and Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease.
16,402 patients with type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease initiating tirzepatide or GLP-1 receptor agonists (Jan 2022-Mar 2025) were matched 1:1
Oral Semaglutide and CV Benefits in the SOUL Trial: How Do Baseline or Changes in HbA1c or BMI Affect Clinical Outcomes?
In SOUL (NCT03914326), oral semaglutide reduced the risk of 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) by 14% versus placebo.
Respiratory Adverse Events of Weight-Loss Drugs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Across 123 included studies (screened from 9,086 unique records), liraglutide, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and naltrexone-bupropion were not associated with increased respiratory adverse events versus placebo.
From FLOW to translational positioning in chronic kidney disease: mechanistic complementarity of SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.
The FLOW trial (Evaluate Renal Function With Semaglutide Once Weekly) established hard kidney-outcome evidence for semaglutide in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease.
Tesamorelin for Cognition in HIV-associated Neurocognitive Disorder
Trial Summary Phase 2 trial evaluating tesamorelin a synthetic GHRH analogue for cognitive improvement in HIV-positive adults with mild cognitive impairment. Tesamorelin is FDA-approved for HIV-associated lipodystrophy reducing visceral fat but has…
A Study of Elamipretide in Participants With Barth Syndrome (TAZPOWER)
Trial Summary TAZPOWER was a pivotal trial of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a rare X-linked genetic disorder caused by mutations in the tafazzin gene, leading to abnormal cardiolipin remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction.…
Trial of Elamipretide in Participants With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy (MMPOWER-3)
Trial Summary MMPOWER-3 was a pivotal Phase 3 trial of elamipretide SS-31, Bendavia, MTP-131 for primary mitochondrial myopathy. Elamipretide is a mitochondria-targeting tetrapeptide that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane and stabilizes…
Semaglutide Effects on Heart Disease and Stroke in Patients Who Are Overweight or Obese (SELECT)
Trial Summary SELECT was a landmark cardiovascular outcomes trial CVOT evaluating semaglutide 2.4 mg in overweight/obese adults with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease but without diabetes. This was the first trial to demonstrate…
A Study of Tirzepatide in Participants With Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA)
Trial Summary SURMOUNT-OSA evaluated tirzepatide for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity. OSA severity is closely tied to body weight, particularly visceral and upper airway fat deposition. This trial tested…
A Research Study to See How Well Semaglutide Works in People With Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (ESSENCE)
Trial Summary ESSENCE is a pivotal Phase 3 trial evaluating semaglutide 2.4 mg the obesity dose for treatment of NASH with liver fibrosis. This is one of the most closely watched liver…
A Study of Tirzepatide in Participants With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity (SUMMIT)
Trial Summary SUMMIT was a pivotal Phase 3 trial evaluating tirzepatide dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist in patients with HFpEF and obesity. HFpEF with obesity is a phenotype driven by metabolic dysfunction, adipose…
Semaglutide in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Overweight or Obesity (FLOW)
Trial Summary This trial potentially part of the FLOW program evaluates semaglutide's renoprotective effects in patients with CKD who are overweight or obese. Note: The larger FLOW trial NCT03819153 already showed positive…
Effect of Semaglutide on Ovulation and Reproductive Outcomes in PCOS
Trial Summary Phase 3 trial investigating semaglutide's ability to restore ovulatory cycles in women with PCOS. PCOS is the most common cause of anovulatory infertility, and insulin resistance/hyperinsulinemia are key drivers. GLP-1…
Kisspeptin for Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism (IHH)
Trial Summary Phase 1 trial evaluating kisspeptin as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool in isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. IHH is caused by deficient GnRH secretion or action, leading to absent puberty and infertility.…
A Study of Retatrutide in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes, Obesity, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Trial Summary Phase 3 trial evaluating retatrutide in a triple-comorbidity population: T2D + obesity + OSA. This study tests whether the triple-agonist peptide can simultaneously address glycemic control, weight loss, and sleep…
A Study of Retatrutide in Participants With Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis
Trial Summary Phase 3 trial evaluating retatrutide triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in patients with obesity and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for OA progression, and weight loss…
NAD+ / Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) for Age-Related Functional Decline
Trial Summary Phase 2 trial evaluating NAD+ precursor supplementation nicotinamide riboside for age-related functional decline. NAD+ is a critical coenzyme for cellular energy metabolism, DNA repair via sirtuins/PARPs, and mitochondrial function. NAD+…
DehydraTECH-CBD + DehydraTECH-Semaglutide Combination Phase 1b in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Trial Summary Phase 1b, randomized, open-label, active-controlled, parallel, multiple-dose study comparing the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of DehydraTECH-enhanced oral Semaglutide and cannabidiol CBD alone and in combination against Rybelsus and Tirzepatide in…
Thymosin Alpha-1 as Immune Adjuvant for COVID-19 Vaccination
Trial Summary Phase 1 trial evaluating Thymosin Alpha-1 Ta1 as an immune adjuvant to enhance COVID-19 vaccine responses. Ta1 is a 28-amino-acid thymic peptide that modulates dendritic cell maturation, T-cell differentiation, and…
A Study of Retatrutide in Participants With Obesity and Chronic Low Back Pain
Trial Summary Phase 3 trial investigating retatrutide for obesity-associated chronic low back pain CLBP. Chronic low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and obesity significantly worsens spinal loading, disc…
A Study of Tirzepatide in Participants With Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease With Alcohol Component (MetALD)
Trial Summary Phase 2 trial evaluating tirzepatide for MetALD, a newly defined category in the updated MASLD/MASH nomenclature that captures patients with metabolic liver disease who also have significant alcohol consumption. This…
A Study of Semaglutide in Early Alzheimer's Disease
Trial Summary Phase 2 study evaluating oral or subcutaneous semaglutide in patients with early Alzheimer's disease. This trial builds on epidemiological data and preclinical evidence suggesting GLP-1 receptor agonists may have neuroprotective…
Kisspeptin Administration in Post-COVID Neuroendocrine Dysfunction
Trial Summary Phase 1 trial investigating kisspeptin for post-COVID neuroendocrine dysfunction. Long COVID has been associated with hypothalamic-pituitary axis disruption, including hypogonadism, menstrual irregularity, and fatigue potentially driven by GnRH neuron dysfunction.…
Elamipretide for Healthy Aging and Mitochondrial Function
Trial Summary Phase 2 trial investigating elamipretide for age-related decline in mitochondrial function. This represents a bold expansion from rare disease Barth syndrome to healthy aging, testing whether mitochondrial peptide therapy can…
BPC-157 for Acute Hamstring Strain Repair
Trial Summary This is a landmark Phase 2 trial as one of the first formal clinical studies of BPC-157 Body Protection Compound-157 in humans. BPC-157 is a pentadecapeptide derived from human gastric…
GHK-Cu (Copper Peptide) for Acute Wound Healing
Trial Summary Phase 2 trial evaluating GHK-Cu glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine copper complex for acute wound healing. GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring tripeptide-copper complex found in human plasma, saliva, and urine that declines with age.…
ALN-2232 Phase 1/2 in Obesity, Alone and Co-Initiated with Tirzepatide
Trial Summary Phase 1/2 trial evaluating ALN-2232 — an RNAi therapeutic from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals — as a new pharmacological approach to obesity, both as monotherapy and co-initiated with Tirzepatide. Alnylam's hypothesis is…
TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4) for Cardiovascular Disease / ASCVD
Trial Summary Phase 1/2 trial evaluating TB-500 a synthetic fragment of Thymosin Beta-4 for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Thymosin Beta-4 is a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid peptide involved in tissue repair, anti-inflammation, and angiogenesis.…
Pharmacogenomics of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists: Precision Medicine in the Age of Ozempic and Mounjaro
Inter-individual variability in GLP-1 RA response is large and clinically meaningful — some patients lose >20% body weight while others lose <5%; nausea tolerance varies just as widely
Case Report: Gastric Retention Induced by Tirzepatide in a Patient Undergoing Gastroscopy
42-year-old female on weekly subcutaneous tirzepatide for 1 month developed gastric retention discovered during painless gastroscopy despite a standard 12-hour fast
Multicompartmental Hydrogel Microspheres with a Concentric Thin Oil Layer: Protecting and Targeting Therapeutic Agents for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
Multicompartmental hydrogel microspheres were built from triple-emulsion droplets whose intermediate oil layers separate two prepolymer phases, allowing each compartment's composition to be tuned via a tailored polymerization strategy.
Lysine-Proline-Valine peptide mitigates fine dust-induced keratinocyte apoptosis and inflammation by regulating oxidative stress and modulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway.
Fine particulate matter (PM10) suppressed HaCaT keratinocyte proliferation via cytotoxicity and drove a pro-inflammatory response by increasing IL-1β secretion.
Melanotan II nasal spray: a possible risk factor for oral mucosal malignant melanoma?
22-year-old female developed oral mucosal malignant melanoma after Melanotan II nasal spray use
Exploring the Antimicrobial Potential of LL-37 Derivatives: Recent Developments and Challenges.
Narrative review of LL-37 derivatives and modification strategies — not primary or clinical data
The Antioxidant Tetrapeptide Epitalon Enhances Delayed Wound Healing in an in Vitro Model of Diabetic Retinopathy
Epitalon enhanced wound healing in diabetic retinopathy cell model
The disordered p53 transactivation domain is the target of FOXO4 and the senolytic compound FOXO4-DRI.
Solved solution NMR structural models of the p53 transactivation domain in complex with the FOXO4 forkhead domain and, separately, in complex with FOXO4-DRI
Hepatotoxicity induced by MK-677.
An otherwise healthy man in his early 30s developed transaminitis after consuming MK-677 for 2 months before presentation
Epitalon dose-dependent telomere extension through hTERT and telomerase upregulation; ALT activation in cancer cells
Dose-dependent telomere length extension in normal epithelial and fibroblast cells
Melanocortin receptors in inflammatory disorders: pharmacology and therapeutic relevance
MC1R-MC5R regulate diverse functions from pigmentation to immune modulation
Bioactive Peptides and Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Neuroprotective Roles
Semax identified among key neuroprotective peptides (alongside NGF, BDNF, GDNF, Exendin-4)
The Effect of Peptide Semax on Intracellular Calcium Dynamics in Rat Brain Neurons
Semax (1 microM) significantly increased frequency of spontaneous calcium oscillations in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons
ACTH 4-10 (Semax) Regulating the Inflammatory Cascade in Spinal Cord Injury
Semax showed neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in SCI
Exploring the Role of Tripeptides in Wound Healing and Skin Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review
GHK-based formulations enhance fibroblast migration, ECM remodeling, collagen/elastin synthesis
Host Defense Peptides with Immunoregulatory Mechanisms in IBD
KPV grouped with host defense peptides (HDPs) for IBD treatment
Strategies for Treating Sexual Health Concerns After Breast and Gynecologic Cancer
Sexual dysfunction is common but underrecognized after breast/gynecologic cancer treatment
GHK Tripeptide Gene Regulation and Biological Activity
GHK modulates expression of thousands of human genes
The Potential of Semax and Its Derivative for Correcting Pathological Impairments in Alzheimer's Disease Model
Semax and derivative improved cognitive function in APPswe/PS1dE9/Blg mice
SIPPC oral peptide delivery platform: KPV conjugate for colitis and acute lung injury
Self-Immolative Polymer-Peptide Conjugate (SIPPC) technology for oral peptide delivery
Intranasal Oxytocin for Obesity.
NEGATIVE PRIMARY ENDPOINT: intranasal oxytocin 24 IU four times daily for 8 weeks did not reduce body weight versus placebo (0.20 vs. 0.26 kg change; P=0.934)
The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets
Ipamorelin (1-3 mg/kg IP) inhibited cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets
Recommended Tool Compounds for the Melanocortin Receptor (MCR) G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs)
Comprehensive characterization of melanocortin receptor subtypes MC1R-MC5R
Objective structural and functional monitoring of polypeptide retinal neuroprotective therapy in diabetic retinopathy
Used objective structural and functional measures to monitor polypeptide retinal neuroprotective therapy in diabetic retinopathy
Retatrutide Phase 2 Trial in MASLD — Liver Fat Reduction with Triple Agonist Therapy
Retatrutide reduced liver fat by >80% at highest dose
Tirzepatide for Weight Management after Withdrawal — the SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial
Continued tirzepatide maintained 25.3% weight loss at 88 weeks
Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity (SURMOUNT-OSA)
Tirzepatide reduced AHI by ~50-60% in obstructive sleep apnea
Eliminating Senescent Cells Can Promote Pulmonary Hypertension Development and Progression.
SAFETY SIGNAL: senolytic elimination of senescent cells — including with FOXO4-DRI specifically — worsened pulmonary hemodynamics and caused marked loss of pulmonary endothelial cells in mouse models
Cerebrolysin in Patients with TBI: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Ten clinical studies covering 8749 patients were eligible after searching PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Embase from database inception to 11 July 2022
Attenuated glucose-stimulated insulin secretion during an acute IGF-1 LR3 infusion into fetal sheep does not persist in isolated islets.
Fetal plasma insulin concentrations decreased during IGF-1 LR3 infusion (P < 0.05) — a direct metabolic effect of the analogue
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
24.2% mean body weight loss with retatrutide 12mg at 48 weeks
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes (SURMOUNT-2)
14.7% mean weight loss with tirzepatide 15mg at 72 weeks in T2D patients
Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomized double-blind controlled trial.
Randomized double-blind controlled trial in humans (Jakarta, January 2020 to June 2021; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04098562) of topical LL-37 cream versus placebo cream, applied twice a week for 4 weeks in diabetic foot ulcer with mild infection
The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19.
Studies the isolated KE and EW dipeptides described as the active substances of Thymalin, not the Thymalin preparation alone
KE peptide regulates SIRT1, PARP1 and PARP2 gene expression and protein synthesis in human mesenchymal stem cells
The KE dipeptide (Vilon) modulated expression of SIRT1, PARP1 and PARP2 — genes central to sirtuin signalling and DNA repair
Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke.
Seven RCTs with 1773 participants met inclusion criteria; moderate-certainty evidence indicates Cerebrolysin or Cortexin probably result in little to no difference in all-cause death (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.41; 6 trials, 1689 participants)
Cerebrolysin in Patients with Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
First meta-analysis to isolate the subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) subpopulation; the authors note no prior meta-analysis existed for SAH patients specifically
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT)
20% reduction in MACE (major adverse cardiovascular events) with semaglutide 2.4mg
Mitochondrial-derived peptides in aging and age-related diseases
MOTS-c and humanin decline with aging
MOTS-c is an effective target for treating metabolic dysfunction: first-in-human clinical trial
First-in-human study of MOTS-c shows improved insulin sensitivity
Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial
Retatrutide 12mg produced 24.2% mean weight loss at 48 weeks
Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and Glucagon Receptor Agonist, for People with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo and Active-Comparator Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 2 Trial
HbA1c reduction up to -2.02% with retatrutide 12mg
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes (SELECT)
20% reduction in MACE with semaglutide 2.4mg in obesity without diabetes
Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obesity in People with Type 2 Diabetes (SURMOUNT-2)
Tirzepatide 15mg produced 14.7% weight loss in T2DM patients
Reduced calorie diet combined with NNMT inhibition establishes a distinct microbiome in DIO mice.
Preclinical mouse study only — cecal microbiome profiling in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice, no human subjects
Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Liraglutide on Weight Loss (STEP 8)
Semaglutide 2.4mg achieved 15.8% weight loss vs 6.4% with liraglutide 3.0mg at 68 weeks
Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line.
In-vitro only: all work was performed in the human leukemia monocytic THP-1 cell line, differentiated into macrophages with PMA, plus LPS-activated HUVEC endothelial layers
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)
22.5% mean body weight loss with tirzepatide 15mg at 72 weeks
Sheep recombinant IGF-1 promotes organ-specific growth in fetal sheep.
LR3 IGF-1 has a low affinity for IGF binding proteins (IGFBP), which reduces physiologic regulation of IGF-1 bioavailability — the authors treat this as a limitation of the analogue, not an advantage
Two-Year Effects of Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 5)
Semaglutide 2.4mg produced sustained 15.2% weight loss over 2 years
Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity (SURMOUNT-1)
Tirzepatide 15mg produced 22.5% mean weight loss at 72 weeks
GIP and GLP-1 as treatment targets in type 2 diabetes and obesity: a dual incretin perspective
Dual GIP/GLP-1 agonism produces greater weight loss than GLP-1 alone
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
14.9% mean body weight loss with semaglutide 2.4mg vs 2.4% placebo at 68 weeks
Combined nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibition and reduced-calorie diet normalizes body composition and enhances metabolic benefits in obese mice.
Preclinical mouse study only — diet-induced obese mice, no human subjects and no clinical endpoints
Intranasal Oxytocin for Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
In the initial analysis of all 9 identified randomized clinical trials, intranasal oxytocin showed no significant effect on negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Senolytic Peptide FOXO4-DRI Selectively Removes Senescent Cells From in vitro Expanded Human Chondrocytes.
FOXO4-DRI removed more than half of the cells in heavily expanded PDL9 chondrocytes but did not significantly affect cell number in minimally expanded PDL3 controls — demonstrating selectivity for senescent cells
The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 as an Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent.
Narrative review of LL-37 as a candidate antibiotic alternative — not primary or clinical data
Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2)
Tirzepatide 15mg achieved HbA1c reduction of -2.46% vs -1.86% for semaglutide 1mg
Peptide KED: Molecular-Genetic Aspects of Neurogenesis Regulation in Alzheimer's Disease
The KED tripeptide (Vesugen) was linked to molecular-genetic regulation of neurogenesis
Retinoprotective effects of Retinalamin studied in an experimental model of photochemical damage to rabbit retinas
Retinalamin reduced photochemical damage to rabbit retinas compared with untreated control
Investigation of ligand-receptor interaction and biodistribution of a drug containing cattle retina polypeptides
Characterized ligand-receptor interaction and tissue biodistribution of the cattle-retina polypeptide drug (Retinalamin)
Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review
Systematic review of how Khavinson short peptides regulate gene expression across tissues
MOTS-c is an Exercise-Induced Mitochondrial-Encoded Regulator of Age-Dependent Physical Decline and Muscle Homeostasis
MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus during metabolic stress and exercise
The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c: A Player in Exceptional Longevity?
MOTS-c variant m.1382A>C associated with exceptional longevity in Japanese men
Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1)
Semaglutide 2.4mg produced 14.9% mean weight loss vs 2.4% placebo
Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity (STEP 4)
Continued semaglutide maintained 17.4% total weight loss at 68 weeks
Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SURPASS-2)
All tirzepatide doses superior to semaglutide 1mg for HbA1c reduction
FOXO4-DRI alleviates age-related testosterone secretion insufficiency by targeting senescent Leydig cells in aged mice.
FOXO4 was specifically expressed in human Leydig cells, and its nuclear translocation in elderly men was associated with decreased testosterone synthesis
Beyond the androgen receptor: the role of growth hormone secretagogues in the modern management of body composition in hypogonadal males.
Growth hormone secretagogues (GHS) — sermorelin, GHRP-2, GHRP-6, ibutamoren, and ipamorelin — are reviewed as potential adjunctive therapy for hypogonadal and eugonadal males with metabolic syndrome or subclinical hypogonadism.
Attenuation of Visceral and Somatic Nociception by Ghrelin Mimetics.
In a rat model of non-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity (0.6% acetic acid colonic infusion) and somatic mechanical allodynia, both the peripherally restricted ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin (IV) and the globally active mimetic HM01 (oral) significantly attenuated colonic hypersensitivity and paw-withdrawal allodynia versus vehicle.
The influence of long-term retinal protective therapy on glaucoma progression
Evaluated long-term retinal-protective (bioregulator) therapy in patients with glaucoma over an extended follow-up
Comparison of the Effects of KE and AED Peptides on Functional Activity of Human Skin Fibroblasts
The KE dipeptide (Vilon) influenced the functional activity of human skin fibroblasts during in-vitro ageing
Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells.
Thymalin is described as a polypeptide complex isolated from thymus that regulates immune system function and increases functional activity of T lymphocytes
EDR Peptide: Possible Mechanism of Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Regulation Involved in Neuroprotection
Characterised how the EDR tripeptide (Pinealon) may regulate gene expression and protein synthesis
Bremelanotide: new drug for the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Comprehensive review of bremelanotide pharmacology and clinical program
Small molecule nicotinamide N-methyltransferase inhibitor activates senescent muscle stem cells and improves regenerative capacity of aged skeletal muscle.
Preclinical only — 24-month-old mice plus C2C12 myoblast cell culture; no human subjects
Inhibition of activin-like kinase 4/5 attenuates cancer cachexia associated muscle wasting.
LONG R3 (LR3) IGF-I treatment limited loss of muscle mass in the C26 tumour-bearing mouse cachexia model, but at the expense of accelerated tumour growth
Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder — RECONNECT Phase III Trials
Bremelanotide 1.75mg SC significantly increased sexual desire vs placebo
Cerebrolysin for vascular dementia.
Six randomised controlled trials with 597 participants were eligible; no new studies qualified for this update, meaning no new trial evidence had appeared since the 2013 review
A pro-diabetogenic mtDNA polymorphism in the mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c
m.1382A>C polymorphism causes K14Q substitution in MOTS-c peptide
Oral Semaglutide versus Subcutaneous Liraglutide and Placebo in Type 2 Diabetes (PIONEER 4)
Oral semaglutide 14mg noninferior to subcutaneous liraglutide 1.8mg for HbA1c
The Safety and Efficacy of Growth Hormone Secretagogues.
Few long-term, rigorously controlled studies have examined the efficacy and safety of growth hormone secretagogues, including the orally available small-molecule drug ibutamoren mesylate
Intranasal oxytocin, social cognition and neurodevelopmental disorders: A meta-analysis.
Pooled 17 randomized controlled trials comprising 466 participants with neurodevelopmental disorders, searched through 25 July 2017
Systematic review and meta-analysis of reported adverse events of long-term intranasal oxytocin treatment for autism spectrum disorder.
Pooled 5 randomized controlled trials with 223 participants (123 oxytocin, 100 placebo) published before 1 January 2017
Analysis of new growth promoting black market products.
Analysis of black-market growth-promoting products identified a previously unreported modified GH isoform: a 192-amino-acid variant carrying an additional N-terminal alanine, with monoisotopic mass 22,195 Da versus 22,124 Da for native 191-amino-acid GH
Regenerative and Protective Actions of the GHK-Cu Peptide in the Light of the New Gene Data
GHK-Cu's gene expression effects support regenerative healing over scar formation
BPC 157 and Nitric Oxide System
BPC-157 modulates the nitric oxide (NO) system in a context-dependent manner
NAD+ Decline in Aging: Sirtuin, PARP, and Mitochondrial Mechanisms
NAD+ declines ~50% between ages 40-60 in humans
Molecular aspects of vasoprotective peptide KED activity during atherosclerosis and restenosis
KED (Vesugen) showed vasoprotective activity in atherosclerosis and restenosis contexts
Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications
BPC-157 modulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems
Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes (SUSTAIN-6)
26% reduction in MACE with semaglutide vs placebo
Thymosin beta 4 speeds corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in the clinical setting
RGN-259 (Tβ4 eye drops) advanced through clinical trials for corneal healing
The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance
Discovery paper for MOTS-c as a mitochondrial-derived peptide
GHK Peptide as a Natural Modulator of Multiple Cellular Pathways in Skin Regeneration
GHK-Cu modulates expression of 4,665 human genes at 1 micromolar concentration
AOD-9604 stimulates proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes
AOD-9604 stimulated proteoglycan synthesis in chondrocytes
GHK peptide as a natural modulator of multiple cellular pathways in skin regeneration
GHK-Cu modulates expression of over 4,000 genes
A mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c, acts as an insulin sensitizer in vivo
MOTS-c is the first mitochondrial-derived peptide shown to regulate metabolism
Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the Ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients.
Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial (NCT00672074) of IV ipamorelin 0.03 mg/kg twice daily vs. placebo, postoperative day 1-7 or hospital discharge
Molecular aspects of anti-atherosclerotic effects of short peptides
Short peptides including the vascular Cytogen showed anti-atherosclerotic molecular effects
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts
BPC-157 increases growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157-NO-system relation
BPC-157 interacts with the nitric oxide system as a key mechanism of action
GHK and DNA: resetting the human genome to health
GHK reverses gene expression signatures associated with COPD
Expression of concern--effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
The Lancet issued a formal Expression of Concern about the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients
Under-reporting of adverse effects of tesofensine.
The Lancet published correspondence in 2013 under the title 'Under-reporting of adverse effects of tesofensine', placing adverse-event reporting for the compound into published dispute
Peptide bioregulators: the new class of geroprotectors. Message 2. Clinical studies results
Summarises clinical results positioning Khavinson bioregulators as geroprotectors
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease (PL-10, PLD-116, PL 14736, Pliva, Croatia). Full length article
BPC-157 promotes tendon-to-bone healing and tendon healing
Pinealon protects the rat offspring from prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia
Pinealon protected rat offspring against the effects of prenatal hyperhomocysteinemia
The human tripeptide GHK-Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging
GHK-Cu levels decline with aging from 200 ng/mL to 80 ng/mL
Ipamorelin for postoperative ileus: a phase 3 study
Ipamorelin accelerated GI recovery after abdominal surgery
Thymosin β4, a multi-functional actin-sequestering protein involved in tissue repair
Comprehensive review of Tβ4 tissue repair mechanisms
MK-0677 (ibutamoren mesylate) for the treatment of patients recovering from hip fracture: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIb study.
The trial was terminated early due to a safety signal of congestive heart failure in a limited number of patients, and the authors conclude MK-0677 has an unfavorable safety profile in this patient population
Pinealon increases cell viability by suppression of free radical levels and activating proliferative processes
Pinealon increased cell viability in culture
Cathelicidin LL-37: a multitask antimicrobial peptide.
Narrative review, not primary or clinical data — it summarizes LL-37 biology rather than testing an intervention
Subjective and objective effects of the novel triple reuptake inhibitor tesofensine in recreational stimulant users.
Single-dose, randomized, double-blind crossover abuse-liability study in 52 recreational stimulant users, comparing tesofensine with placebo, D-amphetamine (positive control), and bupropion and atomoxetine (negative/unscheduled controls)
Detection of His-tagged Long-R³-IGF-I in a black market product.
An injection vial obtained from the black market was found to contain His-tagged Long-R³-IGF-I — a form usually produced for biochemical studies, not for human injection
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) Improves Ligament Healing in the Rat
BPC-157 significantly accelerated medial collateral ligament healing in rats
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat
BPC-157 significantly improved medial collateral ligament healing in rats
Glucagon receptor agonism in the treatment of obesity and diabetes
Glucagon receptor agonism increases energy expenditure via thermogenesis
Weight loss produced by tesofensine in patients with Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease.
Pooled four randomized, double-blind, multicenter trials of tesofensine (n = 740) versus placebo (n = 228) run in Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease, not in an obesity population
Selank GABAergic and Enkephalin Mechanism Summary
Selank allosterically modulates GABA-A receptors for anxiolytic effect
Tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu (II) transiently improved miniaturized hair follicles and hair density
GHK-Cu stimulated hair growth in alopecia patients
Delta sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP): a still unresolved riddle.
States plainly that the link between DSIP and sleep 'has never been further characterized' since the 1977 Schoenenberger-Monnier isolation, in part because the DSIP gene, protein, and any related receptor were never isolated
Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity in healthy older adults
GHRH analog increased GH pulse amplitude in older adults
Prolonged Stimulation of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Secretion by CJC-1295, a Long-Acting Analog of GH-Releasing Hormone, in Healthy Adults
Single dose of CJC-1295 DAC elevated GH and IGF-1 for 6-14 days
Growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs: chemistry and pharmacology
Reviews GHRH analog development including CJC-1295
Polypeptide bioregulators in the treatment of different-type abiotrophy of the retina
Polypeptide bioregulators including Retinalamin were used in hereditary retinal abiotrophies (retinitis pigmentosa and related degenerations)
Effect of peptide Livagen on activity of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract
Livagen altered activity of digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract
AOD-9604 Phase IIb Obesity Trial and Development History
Phase IIb RCT with 300+ patients for oral AOD-9604 (1mg/day)
Synergistic effects of GHRH and GHRP on GH release in humans
GHRH + GHRP combination produces synergistic GH release
Safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single doses of ipamorelin in healthy volunteers
Ipamorelin produced dose-dependent GH release in healthy humans
Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair
Thymosin beta-4 promotes cardiac cell survival after ischemia
Effects of peptides on proliferative activity of retinal and pigmented epithelial cells
Retinal peptides (the class of active fractions in Retinalamin) significantly stimulated proliferative activity of retinal and retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells
Effect of the peptide bioregulators livagen and epitalon on enkephalin-degrading enzymes in human serum
Livagen (with Epitalon) influenced enkephalin-degrading enzyme activity in human serum
An evaluation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of bremelanotide administered by intranasally and subcutaneously in healthy male and female volunteers
Bremelanotide effective via both intranasal and subcutaneous routes
Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction
Short thymic peptides influenced thymocyte blast transformation and intracellular signal transduction
Effects of Livagen peptide on chromatin activation in lymphocytes from old people
Livagen decondensed (activated) heterochromatin in lymphocytes from elderly subjects
[Geroprotective effect of thymalin and epithalamin].
Reports clinical assessment of Thymalin and Epithalamin in 266 elderly and older persons observed over 6-8 years, with the bioregulators applied only during the first 2-3 years
Khavinson Epithalon/Epithalamin Longevity Research Overview
15+ years of human studies with epithalamin/epitalon in elderly patients
Thymosin beta 4 promotes corneal wound healing and decreases inflammation in vivo following alkali injury
Tβ4 accelerated corneal wound healing after alkali burn
The GH secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats
Ipamorelin reversed glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in rats
Melanocortin receptor agonists, penile erection, and sexual motivation: human studies with Melanotan II
Melanotan II (parent compound of PT-141) induced erections in men
MK-677, an orally active growth hormone secretagogue, reverses diet-induced catabolism.
Only 8 healthy volunteers (ages 24-39 yr) were studied, in a two-period crossover with 14 days of caloric restriction (18 kcal/kg.day) per period and MK-677 25 mg once daily or placebo during the last 7 days of each period
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Ipamorelin selectively releases GH without affecting cortisol or prolactin
Long R3 insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) infusion stimulates organ growth but reduces plasma IGF-I, IGF-II and IGF binding protein concentrations in the guinea pig.
Female guinea pigs (350 g body weight) were continuously infused for 7 days with recombinant guinea pig IGF-I or IGF-II (120 or 360 micrograms/day) or Long R3 IGF-I (120 micrograms/day), an analogue with much reduced affinities for IGF binding proteins
Study of delta sleep-inducing peptide efficacy in improving sleep on short-term administration to chronic insomniacs.
Small 1987 human crossover trial: DSIP 25 nmol/kg or placebo given intravenously over four nights in insomniac patients, with sleep assessed by polysomnography
Delta-sleep-inducing peptide reduces CRF-induced corticosterone release.
Rat study, not human: effects of the DSIP nonapeptide were tested on corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)-stimulated corticosterone release in rats treated with chlorpromazine-morphine-pentobarbital
Characterization of a delta-electroencephalogram (-sleep)-inducing peptide.
Original 1977 isolation paper: a peptide that enhances slow-wave (delta) and spindle EEG activity after intraventricular (brain) infusion was isolated from rabbits and named delta-sleep-inducing peptide (DSIP)