Semax

Synthetic ACTH(4-7) analog with C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension — enhances BDNF/NGF expression, modulates dopamine/serotonin systems, neuroprotective via anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways

Half-life: ~30 minutes (intranasal)

Tesofensine

Triple monoamine-reuptake inhibitor that blocks the presynaptic reuptake of dopamine (DAT), noradrenaline (NET) and serotonin (SERT), raising synaptic levels of all three monoamines. Net effect is appetite suppression and increased satiety, with a smaller contribution from nighttime energy expenditure and fat oxidation. In diet-induced obese animals it normalises blunted forebrain dopamine and silences feeding-promoting GABAergic lateral hypothalamic neurons. Originally developed (as NS2330) by NeuroSearch for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease; repurposed for obesity after trial participants lost weight.

Half-life: ~220 hours (~9 days) in humans — exceptionally long; supports once-daily dosing and slow steady-state accumulation

GHK-Cu

Copper-binding tripeptide that activates tissue remodeling, collagen/elastin synthesis, anti-inflammatory gene expression, DNA repair, and stem cell recruitment. Resets expression of 4,000+ genes toward a younger profile.

Half-life: ~1 hour (injectable); variable topical absorption